When using the white wire as a hot or LINE it is required that the white wire be re-identified with a different color. That is an unsafe practice and could be a shock hazard. It has been a common practice among the uninformed to use the equipment grounding conductor as a neutral whenever a neutral is unavailable.
I think it is a good idea to include the neutral for a wall switch controlling an outlet anyway because the regular wall switch could still be changed to a smart home device which usually needs a neutral conductor to function.
The neutral conductor is required for lights in case the standard wall switch is changed to a smart home device or other type of control such as a timer. Although Article 404.2(C) in the National Electrical Code (NFPA 70) requires that a wall switch controlling a light fixture also has a neutral conductor available, switches controlling outlets are exempt from this requirement. The wiring diagram above shows how switched outlets are often wired. A device (fan, light, outlet, etc) should always get the hot and neutral from the same set of wire and should not be derived from another cable.SWITCHED OUTLET WIRING DIAGRAMS Switched outlet wiring diagram depicts the electrical power from the circuit breaker panel entering the switched electrical receptacle outlet box where a two wire cable goes to the switch and another two wire cable feeds power to another outlet that is live at all times. As for why it is dangerous setup the way you described, I would go with the fact that the power (hot) and the neutral are coming from two different wires (and essentially two spots). You already have a 2 conductor with ground to the switch box from the outlet, just run one cable of 2 conductor with ground or 3 conductor with ground to the fan from the switch box (this will either be 12 or 14 gauge wire, just match what ever is existing). Splitting these wires up is not only dangerous but makes absolutely no sense and is extra wire thats being run for no reason. Basically creating two separate paths that the electricity must travel on in order for the fan to work properly (a neutral and a hot). If I follow correctly whats going on here I am thinking this is feeding the neutral to the fan directly from the outlet (instead of going through the switch box) and then the hot only goes to the switch box where it is then sent up to the fan.
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